Properties of Life
order |
reproduction |
growth and development |
energy processing |
regulation |
response to the environment |
evolutionary adaptation |
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
DNA |
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nucleus |
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cell membrane |
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cell wall |
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cytoplasm |
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ribosomes |
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mitochondria |
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organisms |
bacteria |
plants, animals, fungi, protists |
Formation of Macromolecules
monomer |
beads |
polymers |
necklace |
dehydration |
create necklace, water produced |
hydrolysis |
take necklace apart, water consumed |
Carbohydrates
monomer |
monosaccharide |
polymer |
polysaccharide |
bonded by |
covalent bonds |
purpose |
energy and storage |
ETC |
hydrophilic |
Carbohydrate (-saccharides)
mono |
di |
poly |
glucose |
lactose |
starch |
fructose |
sucrose |
glycogen |
galactose |
maltose |
cellulose |
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chitin |
Storage and Energy
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plants |
animals |
energy storage |
starch |
glycogen |
structure |
cellulose |
chitin |
Polysaccharides
maltose |
glucose + glucose |
sucrose |
glucose + fructose |
lactose |
glucose + galactose |
cellulose |
glucose |
starch |
glucose |
Starch is a chain of glucose. Cellulose is made of multiple chains of glucose with hydrogen bonding to connect the chains.
The G Things
glycerol (lipids) |
ALL fatty acids |
glycogen (polysaccharide) |
Jenna needs energy, made of glucose |
glucagon (protein) |
sugar in the blood is GONE |
Endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells, may have gained entry as undigested prey or parasites. In a world that was increasingly aerobic, host benefited from endosymbiont that could use oxygen to create energy. This led to the formation of a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondria. Plant cells were developed from eukaryotic cells with photosynthetic prokaryote. |
Structural Protein
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What structural protein is secreted outside of cells making up 40% of the protein in your body? collagen
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Diabetes
Type 1 |
insulin isn't produced, beta pancreatic cells damaged |
Type 2 |
insulin/glucose receptors not working |
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Antagonist to insulin is glucagon.
Tonic Solutions
Convert all %s to describe solvent, think about concentration gradient of solvent. |
Hypertonic - full of things
Hypotonic - empty of things
Membrane Transport
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What kind of materials can travel through membrane passively? Non-polar molecules and water.
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Steroid Hormones
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Why can steroid hormones pass through membranes? non-polar
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Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to another molecule. |
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Hierarchy of Organization
atom |
organ system |
molecule |
organism |
organelle |
population |
cell |
community |
tissue |
ecosystem |
organ |
biosphere |
Community is a bunch of populations, ecosystem is those populations and abiotic factors.
Lipids
monomer |
fatty acids, glycerol |
polymer |
none |
purpose |
long-term energy storage |
ETC |
hydrophobic |
Saturated fats are found in animals, unsaturated found in plants and is healthier. Trans fat is structured like a unsaturated fat, but straightened like a saturated fat.
Head of phospholipid is hydrophilic, tail hydrophilic. Fats are more concentrated amounts of energy than carbohydrates.
Proteins
monomer |
amino acids (different R groups) |
polymer |
polypeptide, enzyme |
bonded by |
peptide bonds |
ETC |
shape determines function |
Destroyed via denaturation. Must be in specific temp and pH.
Protein Structure
primary |
chain (covalent bonds) |
secondary |
alpha helix, beta sheet (hydrogen bonds) |
tertiary |
3D shape |
quarternary |
multiple chains |
Lysosomes
Digestion, disposal and recycling of material. Malfunction can result in Tay-Sachs disease. |
Chloroplasts
stroma |
thick fluid |
thylakoid |
chips |
granum |
stack |
Cytoskeleton
| |
microtubules |
microfilaments |
intermediate filaments |
structure |
straight, hollow tubes |
solid rods |
supercoiled cables |
protein subunit |
tubulin |
actin |
fibrous proteins |
| |
thickest |
thinnest |
function |
shape and support cell tracks along which organelles with motor proteins move, flagella and cilia |
form 3D network inside plasma membrane, supporting cell shape |
reinforce cell shape, anchor organelles |
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rapidly disassemble |
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permanent |
Stages of Hormone Signaling
1. Reception |
2. Signal transduction |
3. Response |
Water/Lipid-Soluble Hormone Signaling
Enzyme
Enzymes are selective in the reaction it catalyzes. It can be a protein or RNA. The specific reactant it acts on is the substrate, which fits into the active site on the enzyme. Cofactors are helps that bind to the active site and function in catalysis. Coenzymes are organic cofactors. This speeds up reactions. |
Competitive inhibitors block the active site whereas noncompetitive inhibitors reshape the enzyme.
Cellular Respiration
glycolysis |
cytoplasm, 2 net ATP |
pyruvate oxidation |
0 ATP |
citric acid cycle |
matrix, 2 ATP |
oxidative phosphorylation |
inner mitochondrial membrane, ~28 ATP |
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Major Themes of Biology
emergent properties of life's hierarchy & systems that arise |
structure and function |
exchange of matter and energy |
evolution |
Theory, Hypothesis, Law
Theory - widely accepted explanatory idea that is supported by a body of evidence |
Hypothesis - testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data |
Law - statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the universe |
Law describes, theory and hypothesis explain.
Reasoning
Deductive: general --> specific |
Inductive: specific --> general |
Sherlock utilizes inductive reasoning. He's in the "in" and knows the details.
Nucleic Acids
monomer |
nucleotides |
polymer |
nucleic acids, DNA, RNA |
bonded by |
hydrogen bonds (form helix), covalent bonds (form backbone) |
purpose |
genetic info |
Nucleus
contains genetic information, DNA |
direct protein synthesis, controlling cell's acticities |
chromatin - complex of proteins and DNA |
nuclear envelope - double membrane enclosing nucleus |
nucleolus - where rRNA is synthesized |
Ribosomes
free ribosome |
proteins that function w/in cytosol |
bound ribosome |
proteins that are inserted into membranes, packaged in certain organelles, exported from cell |
Endomembrane System
nuclear envelope |
endoplasmic reticulum |
Golgi apparatus |
lysosome |
vacuole |
plasma membrane |
Smooth & Rough ER
smooth ER |
variety of metabolic processes, synthesis of lipids, process harmful substances, storage of calcium ions |
rough ER |
secrete proteins, makes membranes |
Functions of Cell Structures
genetic |
manufacture, distribution |
energy |
structural support, movement, communication |
Aquaporins
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What if a cell has too many aquaporins? Too much water will be absorbed, body tissues will swell.
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Exocytosis & Endocytosis
Types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis takes in large molecules, taking them to lysosome via vacuole. Receptor-mediated endocytosis takes in specific solutes, forming a vacuole and then releasing the solute into cytoplasm.
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