Demography
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Demography study of changes in the characteristics of a population
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Survivorship Curves
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Type I Survivorship child survivorship high, old mortality high
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Type II Survivorship die at equal rates despite age
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Type III Survivorship child mortality high, adult survivorship high
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Survivorship Characteristics Mortality, # offspring, gestation period, parental care, organism size
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Fecundity
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It is... Potential for species to produce offspring
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Factors Affecting It age of sexual maturity, max reproductive age, length of gestation, offspring per pregnancy, parental care
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Measuring Population Change
ΔN = ( B + I ) - ( D + E ) |
B = births |
D = deaths |
I = immigration |
E = emigration |
Per Capita Growth Rate
during specific period of time |
r = b - d |
b = # of births / population size |
d = # of deaths / population size |
r > 0 pop. growing, if less, declining |
Max per capita growth rate |
ideal conditions, exponential growth model |
Logistics Growth Model
Exponential growth model not realistic. |
has carrying capacity |
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Types of Density
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Crude Density number of individuals in habitat
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Ecological Density number of individual in the area actually used by them, not random space
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Dispersion
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Clumped Schools, herds, colony, flock
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Uniform penguins
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Random plants
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Sampling Methods - to find average pop. size
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Quadrant Sampling placed randomly to avoid bias, many small square sections
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Mark Recapture capture organisms, mark them, release them, recapture set of organisms
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