Hormones
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Hormones chemical signals produced by endocrine glands and released into blood
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Functions maintain homeostasis, and regulate energy use, metabolism, and growth
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Protein Hormones short peptide sequences. water soluble, can't pass through cell membrane. Bonds to receptor on surface of target cell. Triggers signal transduction pathway.
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Protein Hormone Mechanism signal from hormone amplified and sent through cell.
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Steroid Hormones made from cholesterol. Insoluble in water. Targets cell by diffusion through cell membrane, binds to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus. Turns genes on or off
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Feedback Mechanism Hypothalamus releases hormone that acts on pituitary gland, which releases 2nd hormone that stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones. Final hormone targets certain tissues and inhibits pituitary from releasing more.
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Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Gland base of hypothalamus. 2 parts.
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Posterior Pituitary Gland extension of hypothalamus. Same hormones as hypothalamus ( ADH and Oxytocin )
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Anterior Pituitary Gland separate from hypothalamus. makes its own set of hormones that the hypothalamus can stimulate or inhibit
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Growth Hormone Stimulates Growth (hypertrophy, increases cells size and volume). Stimulates Cell Reproduction (increased mitosis).. Stimulates Cell Metabolism (increase protein synthesis and glycogen and fat breakdown)
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Growth Hormone Cont. secreted in bursts during sleep. Production declines with age.
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Growth Hormone Disorders
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Dwarfism deficiency in child's GH secretion during development
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Gigantism overproduction of GH during development. Poor blood flow. Tumor formed by pituitary.
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Acromegaly increased GH as an adult. Bone thickens.
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Thyroid Gland
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Location Base of neck
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Main Hormone Thyroxine (T4) ..looses iodine atom- T3
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Functions increases protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, and oxygen consumption. Regulates growth and tissue differentiation.
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Thyroid Regulation
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Stimulus Decrease in metabolic rate detected by hypothalamus
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Effect Hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone.... Anterior Pituitary Gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone.... Thyroid releases T4, which acts on body cells
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Result increase in metabolic rate
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Thyroid Disorders
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Hyperthyroidism overactive thyroid, doesn't always mean extra T4.
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Weight loss, increased heat release, swollen neck
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Grave's Disease - antibody targets TSH receptors stimulates TSH secretion. Bugged eyes.
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Neurohormone Pathway
stimulus signals hypothalamus |
hypothalamus produces hormones that act directly on target cells w/o stimulating endocrine glands |
hormones released by hypothalamus are neurohormones |
they travel along nerve cells and through blood stream until they reach the pituitary gland |
Blood Glucose Regulation
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Pancreas secretes antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon to main glucose levels
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Islet of Langerhans - ( Alpha Cells - Glucagon ) ( Beta Cells - Insulin )
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Insulin stimulated by high blood glucose levels. Insulin released and taken by glucose in blood. Liver converts glucose to glycogen for storage
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Glucagon stimulated by low blood glucose levels. Glucagon released by pancreas to breakdown glycogen.
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Blood Glucose Regulation Diseases
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Diabetes Mellitus type 1 and type 2. Frequent urination
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hyperglycaemia, excessive hunger, kidneys excrete glucose - sweet urine, persistent thirst
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Type I Insulin Deficiency. Born With. Immune system attacks insulin producing cells
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*Type II Insulin Resistance. Based on life style.
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Blood Glucose Regulation Diseases
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Diabetes Mellitus type 1 and type 2. Frequent urination
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hyperglycaemia, excessive hunger, kidneys excrete glucose - sweet urine, persistent thirst
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Type I Insulin Deficiency. Born With. Immune system attacks insulin producing cells
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*Type II Insulin Resistance. Based on life style.
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