BIOL 202 MIDTERM Cheat Sheet by jhundal

the study of how organisms interact with each other and their enviro­nment

1. natural 2. field 3. semi-field 4. lab

1. observ­ational 2. experi­emental

desicc­ation, gravity, temper­ature fluctu­ation

colour indicates soil proper­ties, texture affects pore space, parent material, vegetation

ion exchange capacity is the total number of charged sites, clay and humus are negatively charged, cation exchange capacity is the total number of negatively charged sites in soil

hydrogen atoms are asymme­tri­cally bonded and form covalent bonds, polar, H bonds break or form to release or obtain energy, less dense as a solid, insulates, cohesion, surface tension, viscosity

process by which water cycles from atmosphere to earths surface and back (driven by solar radiation (evapo­rat­ion))

only longwave can penetrate shallow depths, coral and deep water algae dont get red light

zone where temper­ature declines most rapidly, located between epilimnion and hypoli­mnion

is a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection

measur­able, graudal chnage over a geographic region in the mean of a phenotypic trait associated with an enviro­nment gradient

a taxonomic category that ranks below species, usually a fairly permanent geogra­phi­cally isolated race.

mean value of the trait is favoured, phenotype near the mean has the most fitness, most common type of selection

members of a population are subjected to different selective pressures

random chnages in allele frequency usually due to small population size

an individual chooses it's mates based on a phenotypic character (assortive mating), mating can be with similar mates or dissim­ilar, or can come about due to female mate choice

go through the Calvin cycle, taking in carbon dioxide through the leaves' minuscule pores, called stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine with sugar.

gross photos­ynt­hesis - respir­ation

release H2O and CO2

H2O movement is a function of differ­ences Y atm < Y leaf< Y root < Y soil

stem - support and encounter sunlight root - uptake of water, nutrients and storage leaf - photos­ynt­hesis, roots =increase in H2O and nutrients uptake but lowers carbon allocation to leaves, leaves = increase access to light and CO2 but decrease H2O and nutrient uptake, Low soil water plants can allocate more carbon to roots

no furthur increase in photos­ynt­hesis (an increase in PAR will not increase the photos­ynt­hetic rate

demand for water is linked to temper­ature, plants balance water concen­tration by opening and closing stomata

photos­ynt­hesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid condit­ions. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapot­ran­spi­ration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2).

solar radiation will enter either via long or short wave radiation from the sun. It can be UV, infrared or visible light. Input of 51 shot and 96 long and then output of 30 evapor­ate­d/t­hermals and 117 radiated from earths surface.

arise from wind belts which succeed each other latitu­din­ally, easterlies = NH-NE and SH-SE, westerlies = NH-SW and SH-NW, polar easterlies = winds move masses of H2O which get deflected by coriolis,

wind driven ocean currents are deflected by coriolis in gyres, clockwise in NH(R), counte­rcl­ockwise in RH(L)

heat loss due to air expanding (with altitude)

they are not static: temper­ature causes air to rise and sink

heat from sun causes air to rise (low pressure)

clockwise

land warms in summer , air rises and cools, relatively cols moist air from the sea rushes in rises, condense and rains, warm and wind

1. trade wins carry water and air to Australia 2. high pressure off peru, low pressure off Australia 3. upwelling off peru 4. Australia wet - peru dry

individual produced by sexual reprod­uction

random, clumped and uniform, abundance estimates may be skewed by spatial distri­bution

how many per unit area

movement of indivi­duals away from place of birth (usually to vacant habitats)

age class

proportion of original cohort surviving to that age

dx/nx, age specific mortality rate

survival high throughout life, heavy mortality at end (K)

mortality high in early life (R)

the sum of the average number of female offspring produced by an average female in her life (Elxbx)

Nt=No*e^rt

net reprod­uction rate - average number of females a female produces over her life time. a multiplier based on generation time.

carrying capacity, maximum # of indivi­duals enviro­nment can sustain, population size where dN/dt = 0, n small = expone­ntial growth, n = k = no growth, n>k = population decreases