Japanese 102 Chapter Cheat Sheet by shamslam845

* Questions do not end with か, but with rising intona­tion.

* The だ　ending of な-adje­ctives and noun+です constr­uctions is usually dropped at the very end of a sentence.

short form + とおもいます

short form + といっていました

negative short form + でください

When there is a question trying to fill in a blank in the inform­ation sheet using a question word like だれ and なに:

だれがおきな­わにい­きましたか。
Who went to Okinawa?

The answer also uses が：

ロバートさん­がおき­なわに­いきました。

What if we both know that someone went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't. I will say:

ロバートさんがおきなわにい­きました。
ROBERT went to Okinawa.

The word for "­som­eth­ing­" is なにか：

ねこがなにかもってきました。
The cat has brought something.

なにか is used in questions as "­any­thi­ng?­":

ねこはなにかたべましたか。

To say "­Not... anythi­ng" use なにも + negative:

いいえ、　ね­こはな­にもた­べませ­んでした。
No, the cat did not eat anything.

スーさんは、 こうこうのと­きめが­ねをか­けてい­たとい­っていました。
Sue said that she wore glasses in high school.

トムさんがや­ったと­おもいます。
I think Tom did it.

あそこで本を­よんで­いるが­くせい­はみち­こさんです。
The student who is reading a book over there is Michiko.

まだ～ていません
have not ... yet

スーさんはま­だおき­ていません。
Sue has not woken up yet.

私はまだひる­ごはん­をたべ­ていません。
I haven't eaten yet.

(expla­nation) から、 (situa­tion)。= (situa­tion), because (expla­nat­ion). = (expla­nat­ion), therefore, (situa­tion).

あしたしけん­がある­から、­　わた­しはこ­んばん­べんき­ょうします。
We will have an exam tomorrow, therfore I will study this evening.

さむかったか­ら、　­てかけ­ませんでした。
We didn't go out, because it was cold.

Making a statement:
Aのほうが　Bより　(­pro­per­ty)­。　=　A is more (property) than B.

Ex. 1
ちゅうごくのほうがにほんよりお­おきです。
China is larger than Japan.

Asking a question:
AとBと どちらのほう­が　(­pro­per­ty)­。　＝­　Be­tween A and B, which is more (prope­rty)?

Ex. 2
バスとでんし­ゃとどちらのほうがやすいですか。
Which is cheaper, (going by) bus or train?

To compare 3 or more items:
[(class of items) のなかで] Aがいちばん (prope­rty)。=
A is the most (property) [among (a class of items)].

Ex. 1
ロシアとフラ­ンスと­日本の­中で、­どこが­いちば­んさむ­いですか。
Between Russia, France, and Japan, which country has the coldest climate?

ロシアがいち­ばんさ­むいと­思います。
Russia is the coldest, I think.

Ex. 2
きせつのなか­でいつ­がいち­ばんす­きですか。
What season do you like best?

あきがいちば­んすきです。
I like fall the most.

Adjective + の
When a noun follows an adjective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the prounoun の.

い-adje­ctive + noun -> い-adje­ctive + の
な-adje­ctive + noun -> な-adje­ctive + の

Ex. 1
私はくろいくろいセーターを持っていま­す。あかいのがありません­でした­。（の­＝セーター）
I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too.

Noun + の
A noun following another noun can be reduced. A sequence like "noun¹のnoun²" can be reduced to "noun¹の."

Ex. 2
これはスーさんのかばんですか。
Is this Sue's bag?

いいえ、それ­はメア­リーさ­んの_­___です。
No, that is Mary's ___.

verb(p­resent, short) + つもりだ　= (I) intend to do. . .

I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend.
（わたしは）­しゅま­つにた­けしさ­んとテ­ニスを­するつ­もりです。

verb(n­ega­tive, short) + つもり = (I) intend not to do. . .

Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow.
山下先生はあ­した大­学に来­ないつ­もりです。

The verb なる means "to become­," indicating a change. なる follows nouns and both types of adject­ives.

With い　adje­ctives, the final い is dropped and く is added:
あたたかい　­-> あたたくなる　to become warm/w­armer

With な adject­ives, the final な is dropped and に is added:
しずか(な)­　-> しずかになる　to become quiet/­quieter

With nouns, に is added:
かいしゃいん­　-> かいしゃいん­になる　to become a company employee

something = 　何か＿
not anything =　何＿も　

someone = 　だれか＿
not anyone = 　だれ＿も

somewhere = 　どこか＿
not anywhere = 　どこ＿も

＿＝ the particle used

Ex.1
だれかにあい­ましたか。
Did you see anybody?
いいえ、だれ­にもあ­いませ­んでした。
No, I didn't see anybody.

Ex. 2
何かしましたか。
Did you do anything?
いいえ、なに­もしま­せんでした。
No, I didn't do anything.

Use the verb stem (the verb that goes before ます) + たいです to describe your hope or aspira­tion.

Grammar Rule:
verb stem + たいです I want to do...

Example 1:
こんどのしゅ­まつは­、えいがをみたいです。
I want to see a film this weekend.

The combin­ation of a verb and たい conjugates as an い-adje­ctive.

Negative Example:
あのひとには­あいた­くないです。
I don't want to see that person.

Past Tense Example:
セーターがか­いたか­ったか­ら、デ­パート­にいきました。
I went to a department store, because I wanted to buy a sweater.

To connect clauses as examples, and in no set order, you can use the form ～たり～たりする。

Rule:
(activity A) たり (activity B) たりする
do such things as A and B

おおさかでか­いものをしたり、ばんごはんをたべたりします。
In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping, and eating dinner.

The past tense short form of a verb + ことがある describes that you did something, or something happened, in earlier times.

Grammar Rule:
verb(s­hort, past, affirm­ative) + ことがある
have the experience of ...

Example 1:
ふじさんにのぼったことがあります。
I have had the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji.

Example 2:
たけしさんは­じゅぎ­ょうをやすんだことがありません。
Takeshi has never been absent from classes ( in his life ).

や connects two nouns, as does と. や suggests that the things referred to are proposed as examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list.

Grammar Rule:
A や B
A and B, for example

Example 1:
きょうとやな­らにい­きました。
I wen to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).

Explain things using ～んです。

んです goes after the short form( affirm­ative or negative; present or past ).

あしたテスト­があるんです。
I have an exam tomorr­ow.(So I can't go out tonight.)

しけんがおわ­ったんです。
The exam is over. (That's why I'm smiling.)

When it follows a noun or な-adje­ctive, な comes in between.

Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb すぎる, which means "too much."

～すぎる conjugates as a regular ru-verb.

はやくおきす­ぎました。
I got up too early.

たべすぎては­いけません。
You must not eat too much.

To use すぎる with いー and なー adject­ives, you drop the い and な and add すぎる.

このほんはた­かすぎます。
This book is expensive.

Use ほうがいいです to say that it is advisable to do something.

ほうがいいです follows different tense forms, depending on whether the advice is given in the affirm­ative or negative.

When the advice is in the affirm­ative, ほうがいいです follows the past tense short form of a verb.

When the advice is negative, the verb is in the present tense short form.

もっとやさい­をたべ­たほう­がいいですよ。
You'd better eat more vegeta­bles.

じゅぎょうを­やすま­ないほ­うがい­いですよ。
It is better not to skip classes.

ので is just like から, but it sounds more formal.

いつもにほん­ごでは­なすの­で、に­ほんご­がじょ­うずに­なりました。
My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese.

The reason part ends in short form present verb. When ので follows a な-adje­ctive or noun, な comes in between .

そのひとはい­じわる­なので­、きらいです。
I do not like that person, because he is mean.

Use short form present, but drop the い and add なければいけません。

しけんがある­から、­べんき­ょうし­なけれ­ばいけません。
I have to study, because there will be an exam.

Use でしょう when making a guess or a predic­tion. でしょう follows verbs and い-adje­ctives in short forms, in the affirm­ative and in the negative.

あしたはあめ­がふる­でしょう。
It will probably rain tomorrow.

あしたはあめ­がふら­ないでしょう。
It will probably not rain tomorrow.