preretirite of stem-changing verbs
yo |
-i |
tu |
-iste |
ud/el/ella |
o st-ch |
nosotros/as |
-imos |
vosotros/as |
-isteis |
uds/ellos/ellas |
-eron st-ch |
stem changes in PR go from: |
e>i or o>u |
stem changes in PR happen: |
in third person singular and plural |
stem changes in PR only happen: |
in -ir stem changing verbs, not in -ar or -er |
irregular comparitives and superlatives
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adjectives |
bueno/a |
good |
malo/a |
bad |
grande |
big; old |
pequeno/a |
small; young |
joven |
young |
viejo/a |
old |
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comparative |
mejor |
better |
peor |
worse |
mayor |
older |
menor |
younger |
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superlative |
el/la mejor |
the best |
el/la peor |
the worst |
el/la mayor |
the oldest |
el/la menor |
the youngest |
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double object pronouns
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direct and indirect object pronouns replace nouns
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indirect object pronouns singular: me, te, le (se)
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indirect object pronouns plural: nos, os, les (se)
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direct object pronouns lo, la, los, las
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if object pronouns are used together indirect before direct pronoun
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indirect ojbect pronouns le and les always change when coming before all direct pronouns
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se can be clarified by subject pronouns in third tenses
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double object pronouns (DOPs): are to be placed before a conjugated verb
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with infinitives and present participles, double object pronouns can: be placed before conjugated verb or attatched to the end
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accent marks added to maintain stress in DOPs attatched to infinitives and present participles
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tidbits to compare and superb
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when grande and pequeno/a refer to age, use the irregular comp/super forms, mayor/menor
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when grande and pequeno/a refer to size, use regular forms mas grande/mas pequeno/a.
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bien and mal have same comparative forms as bueno/a and malo/a.
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saber and conocer
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saber means knowing a fact or facts, pieces of information, or knowing how to do something.
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conocer means to be familiar with; expresses familiarity or acquaintance (or lack thereof) with a person, place, or thing.
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saber and conocer conjugation
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saber |
conocer |
yo |
se |
conozco |
tu |
sabes |
conoces |
ud/el/ella |
sabe |
conoce |
nosotros/as |
sabemos |
conocemos |
vosotros/as |
sabeis |
conoceis |
uds/ellos/ellas |
saben |
conocen |
tidbits to know
when direct object of conocer is a person/pet, the personal a is used. |
the yo forms of saber and conocer are irregular in the present tense. |
verbs that have the '-zco' like conocer
ofrecer (to offer) |
ofrezco |
paracer (to seem) |
parezco |
conducir (to drive) |
conduzco, -cimos, -cis |
traducir (to translate) |
traduzco, -cimos, -cis |
conductir and traducir are -ir verbs, so they differ in their nos- and vos- forms.
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comparatives, superlatives
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comparisons of inequality are formed by placing mas or menos before adverbs, adjectives, or nouns, and que after them.
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comparisons with numerical values use de before the number being used.
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verbs with comparisons of inequality [verb] + mas/menos que
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mas (que) more (than)
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menos (que) less (than)
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comparisons of equality are formed tan + [adv,adj] + como
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comparisons of equality are formed tanto/a(s) + [sing. noun, plur.noun] + como
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verbs with comparisons of equality formed by placing tanto como after the verb (tanto does not conform to number or gender)
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tanto como as much as
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superlatives
el/la/los/las + [noun] + mas/menos + [adjective] + de |
definite article overshadows the noun |
de = in or of |
noun can be ommitted if it is clear to who/what superlative refers to |
absolute superlatives ends in -isimo, which is equivalent to extremely/very + [adj or adv]. sp-ch |
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