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Polar vs Non-Polar
Polar |
Non-Polar |
made with two or more non-metals |
no electrical poles |
one end has a positive charge, the other has a negative. |
electrons divided more equally |
has electrical poles |
charges cancel out |
soluble in water |
not soluble in water, but maybe like oil |
Ionic vs Covalent
Ionic |
Covalent |
electrons not shared equally |
electrons shared equally |
high melting point |
low melting point |
between one metal and one non-metal |
between two non-metals |
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Intermolecular Force
London Dispersion |
weakest intermolecular force.temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. |
Dipole-Dipole |
occurs between two polar molecules. slightly stronger than london dispersion. slightly positive attracts to slightly negative end. a good example is hydrochloride (HCl) |
Ion-Dipole |
attraction between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole. most commonly found in solutions.ion with non-polar molecule.weaker than covalent or ionic bonds. polar water and sodium ion. |
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Non-Polar? Or Polar?
Looking at Lewis Structure |
if bonds are symetrical, it is non-polar. if it is asymmetrical it is polar. |
Solubility Rules
Always Soluble |
Exceptions |
Insoluble |
Nitrates |
"PMS" |
silver salts |
Acetates (C2,H3,O2-) |
P>Pb2 (lead) |
hydroxide salts (slightly) |
Group 1 (Li+, Na+, etc) |
M>Mercury (Hg2) |
hydroxide salts of transition metals |
Sulfates |
S>Silver (Ag) |
sulfides of transition metals |
Ammonium (NH4+) |
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carbonates |
Group 17 (F-,Cl-,Br-) |
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chromates |
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phosphates and fluorides |
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