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Chemical reactions for IGCSE
Useful for the theory 42 paper
Electrolysis
Guidlines |
Metal Purification |
Non-metal at anode |
Thin pure Metal at cathode |
metal at cathode |
Thick impure metal at anode |
If halogen present -> anode |
Electrolyte soluble salt of metal |
Cathode -> least reactive metal |
OH- at anode -> 4OH- --> 2H2O + O2 + 4e- |
Metals
Iron Extraction
raw materials: coke(C), Hot air, Limestone(CaCo3)
1. C + O2 --> CO2
2. CaCO3 --> Cao + Co2
3. CO2 + C --> 2CO
4. Fe2O3 + 3CO --> 2Fe + 3CO2 (700 celcius)
5. CaO + SiO2 --> CaSiO3(slag) |
Acid, Bases and salts
Neutralization Reaction
Acid + Base --> Salts + Water
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) --> H2O(lq) |
Rules
- All Nitrates are soluble
- all sodium, potassium, ammonium salts are soluble
- all chlorides are soluble except lead and silver
- all sulfates are soluble except Barium, calcium ,lead
- all carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble |
Methods
acid + metal --> salt + hydrogen (MAZIT metal)
acid + carbonate--> Salt + water + carbon Dioxide
Titration: acid + alkali --> salt + water (reactive metals)
acid + insoluble base --> salt + water(unreactive metals)
Precipitation(insoluble): Soluble salt + Soluble salt --> insoluble salt + soluble salt
- example: Barium Chloride + SOdium Sulfate --> sodium chloride + barium sulfate |
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Organic Chemistry
All Organic Compounds
Combustion: organic compund + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water |
Alkanes
Substitution Reaction: Alkane + Chlorine --> Chloroalkane + Hydrogen Chloride
-example :CH4 + Cl2 --> CH3Cl + HCl
Cracking: long alkane --> shorter alkane + alkene
-example: C12H26 --> C10H22 + C2H4
Thermal Cracking: Catalyst- Broken Unglazed Pottery
Catalytic cracking: 550 degree cel and chromium oxide catalyst |
Alkenes
Hydrogenation: alkene + hydrogen --> alkane (200deg, nickel)
Hydration: alkene + steam --> alcohol (300deg, 6000kPa, Phospheric(V) acid)
halogenation(alkene Test): alkene + bromine --> diobromoalkene (brown to colourless) |
Alchohol
Oxidation: ethanol + oxygen --> ethanoic acid + water (Pottasium Manganate (VII), purple-colorless)
Fermentation: glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide(yeast) |
Carboxylic Acid
ehtanoic acid + sodium hydroxide --> sodium ethenoate + water
CH3COOH + NaOH --> CH3COONa + H2O
ethanoic acid + mangnesium --> magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen
2CH3COOH + Mg --> (CH3COOH)2Mg + H2O
ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate --> sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 --> 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O |
Chemical Reactions
Haber Process |
Contact Process |
N2 + 3H2 <--> 2NH3 |
2SO2 + O2 <--> 2SO3 |
Conditions: |
Conditions: |
- 20000 kPa |
- 200 kPa |
- 450 celcius |
- 450 celcius |
- Iron catalyst |
- Vanadium(V)oxide |
Chemistry Of the enviornment
Test For Water
- anhydrous copper(II)sulfate turns form white to blue
- Cobalt(II) Chloride Paper turns from blue to pink
- impure water has higher boiling point |
Catalytic Converter
2NO + 2CO --> N2 + CO2 |
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