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Grade 12 Organic Chemistry. Refer to NSC Examination Guidelines 2021 South Africa
Definitions
Organic Molecules: molecules containing carbon atoms |
Structural formula: shows which atoms are attached to which within the molecule. Atoms are represented by their chemical symbols and lines are used to represent ALL the bonds that hold the atoms together. |
Condensed structural formula: shows the way in which atoms are bonded together in the molecule, but DOES NOT SHOW ALL bond lines |
Hydrocarbon: Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only |
Homologous series: A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula OR in which one member differs from the next with a CH2 group |
Saturated compounds: Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains |
Unsaturated compounds: Compounds with one or more multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains |
Functional group: A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds |
Structural isomer: Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae |
Chain isomers: Same molecular formula, but different types of chains |
Positional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different positions of the side chain, substituents or functional groups on the parent chain |
Functional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different functional groups Aldehydes and Ketones, Esters and Carboxylic Acids |
Molecular Formula: A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each in a molecule. |
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Classification of organic molecules
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