Mating behaviors
Permuncious |
No strong pairs |
Monogamous |
one male + one female |
Pologymy |
1 Individual, multiple partners |
Coloration and Mimicry
Aposmetic coloration |
Prey use to avoid predatation, warning colors |
Cryptic coloration |
Prey use to avoid predatation, camoflague |
Batesian Mimicry |
Nontoxic mimics toxic |
Mullerian Mimicry |
2 or more dangerous species with similiar warning coloration, more known |
Relationships
Interspecific |
Between species |
Competitive exclusion |
two species competing for same resources can't coexcist |
Explotation |
One species benefits, other harmed |
Water Cycle
1. |
Evaporation |
2. |
In aptmosphere as water vapor |
3. |
Forms clouds |
4. |
Falls |
5. |
Runoff absorbed |
Human impact: |
Reduce abailibility, cause pollution by agriculture and urbanization |
Nitrogen cycle
1. |
Nitrogen gas converted to usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, other bacteria convert to nitrates which are taken up by plants through the roots |
2. |
Animals consume plants, acquire nitrogen in body |
3. |
When animals die, nitrogen goes into soil and is reused |
Human Impacts: |
Nitrogen fertilizers, leads to eutrophical and water polution |
Phophorous Cycle
1. |
Found in rocks |
2. |
Plants take up through roots |
3. |
Animals consume, die, return, phosphorous gets locked in rocks |
Human impact: |
Mining releases large amounts of phosphorous |
Plants
Dormancy |
Inactivity or slow metabolism triggered by environment |
Hormones |
Auxins and cytokines play role in plant developement |
Trophism |
Plants grow in response to particular stimulus |
Photo Periarosm |
Plants able to see changes in day lengths |
Organisms uses
Bioremediation |
Use of organisms to remove pollutants |
Biological augmentation |
Addition of organisms to ecosystem to enhance its function (ex. nitrogen-fixing bacteria increase plant growth) |
Stimulus response
Kinesis |
Nondirectional response to stimulus, activity level aranges in response to intensity. |
Fixed Action Patterns
Fixed action patterns |
innate, stereotyped, behavior sequences that are triggered by specific environmental cues. |
Sign Simulus |
Specific environmental cues |
Ultimate vs Inate Evolution
Ultimate |
Focuses on evolutionary history and behavior of trait |
Inate |
Genetic + physiological basis |
Definitions
Ecology |
The study of organisms and their interactions with the envirionment |
Biotic |
Living; plants, animals, bacteria |
Abiotic |
Non-living; temperature, sun, water, soil, rocks, weather |
Species movement
Species Transplant |
Adding a species to areas where it was previously absent to see if dispersal is a key factor or limiting distribution, must survive and reproduce to be sucessful |
Dispersal |
Movement away from high population density or origin, contributes to distribution |
Biomes
Tundra |
Cold |
Savanna |
Desert |
Temperate Broadleaf forest |
Indiana, Arkansas |
Tropical |
Most diverse, by equator |
Temps are warmer at equator |
Colder at poles |
Climate vs Weather
Weather |
Shorter period of time |
Climate |
Statistical changes over time (temp, percipitation, sunlight, wind) |
Climate change |
Long-term shift in teperature and weather patterns caused by human activities especially burning of fossil fuels |
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NEP
Definition |
difference between total CO2 absorbed by photosynthesis and released by respiration |
+ |
singk |
- |
releasing. loosing |
Eutrophication
Eutrophication |
Body of water becomes enriched with nutrients = excessive plant growth and death of fish |
Limiting Nutrient
Limiting nutrient |
Nutrient in short supploy, limits growth of organisms |
Carbon Cycle
1. |
CO2 taken in by plants in photosynthesis (some carbon transformed to soil) |
2. |
Plants and animals die, carbon returned to soil, stored for long time or released into aptmosphere through respiration, decomposition |
Human impact: |
Burning of fossil fuels |
Niches
Fundamental |
Potential |
Realized |
Actual environment |
Ecological |
Role organism fills in ecosystem |
Temporal Partitioning
Temporal Partitioning |
Species that occupy similar niches reduce competition by using at different times |
Example |
Birds look for food at different times a day |
Species Diversity
Richness |
number of different species present |
Abundance |
number of individuals of each species |
Density dependent vs independent
Density dependent |
Affect population size, effects increase as population increases |
Density independent |
Abiotic, significant impact on population regaurdless of size |
Altruistic behaviors
Altruistic behaviors |
Benefit others at cost to individual |
Hamilton's rule |
Predicts altruistic behaviors through evolution |
Kin selection |
Explains altrustic behaviors |
Learning
Imprinting |
Organism deveopes strong attatchment to first item it discovers |
Associated Learning |
Organism associates stimulus with response |
Operant conditioning |
Organism associates behavior with new and or punishment and adjust accordingly |
Cognition |
Mental process inviolved in perception, learning, memory and problem solving |
Animal Behavior
Behavior Ecology |
Study of ecological and evolutionary causes of behavior in organisms. |
Competition |
Organisms competing |
Resource partitioning |
Division of resources to avoid competition |
Mutualism |
Both organisms benefit |
Commensalism |
One animal benefits one is unaffected. |
Agonistic Behaviors |
Associated with conflict between individuals (fighting, threatinging...) |
Definitions
Bioaccumulation |
Increase of toxins in food web by building up in individual organism. |
Biomagnification |
Retained substance becomes more concentrated at each level. |
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