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Carbohydrates
Sugars->Polysaccharides |
Carbohydrate, (C-H 2
O) n
= “Carbon + Water” |
Carbohydrates = saccharides = sugar = -ose |
1. Source of energy |
2. Building blocks |
3. Molecular interactions |
Monosaccharides Can be divided in two big group |
1. Aldose(aldehyde group -CHO) contain the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. |
2. Ketose(ketone group -CO-) contain the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. |
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. |
Common monosaccharides
|
D-Ribose |
D-Deoxyribose |
D-Glucose |
D-Mannose |
D-Galactose |
D-Fructose |
|
|
Glucose
alpha-Glucose |
cis isomer |
beta-Glucose |
trans isomer |
cis: same side, trans: opposite |
Common Disaccharides
Sucrose |
glucose-fructose |
Lactose |
galactose-glucose |
Maltose |
glucose-glucose |
Glycogen and Starch Are Mobilizable stores of Glucose |
Complex Carbohydrates
Formed by linkage of monosaccharides |
ex. Maltose, a Disaccharide: Two molecules of glucose are linked by an alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond to form the disaccharide maltose. |
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|
Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins are proteins covalently modified with a small amount of carbohydrate groups. |
Many cell membranes proteins are glycoproteins, which involve cell adhesion and the binding of sperm to egg. |
Many extracellular proteins are also glycoproteins, including proteins in the serum. |
The diversity and complexity of the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins suggest that they are functionally important. |
Carbohydrates are information-rich molecules that guide many biological processes. |
The diverse carbohydrate structures displayed on cell surfaces are well suited to serve as sites of interaction between cells and their environments. |
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