Musco skeletal system
the muscular and skeletal systems work together to support and move the body. The bones of the skeletal system serve to protect the body's organs, support the weight of the body, and give the body shape. The muscles of the muscular system attach to these bones, pulling on them to allow for movement of the body. |
compact bone
location |
makes up 80% of bone in body, Under the Periosteum: It lies just beneath the periosteum, the outer membrane covering bones. In the Diaphyses of Long Bones: The diaphysis refers to the shaft of long bones, where compact bone provides support and protection |
function |
Strength and Rigidity |
histology |
Terminology
Sagittal plane |
a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section |
median sagittal plane |
passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves |
Coronal plane |
a vertical plane which also passes through the body longitudinally – but perpendicular (at a right angle) to the sagittal plane It divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section |
Transverse planes |
a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground. It divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section. Transverse planes are also known as transaxial planes or axial planes. |
Medial |
towards the midline |
Lateral |
away from the midline |
Anterior |
to the front |
Posterior |
to the back |
Superior |
Higher |
Inferior |
lower |
Proximal |
Closer to origin (of limb) |
Distal |
further away (of limb) from origin |
The integumentary system and other systems
Immune system |
it’s the first line of defense against bacteria and infection. It also sends white blood cells to injuries to begin the healing process. |
Endocrine system |
helps you absorb vitamin D, which acts as a hormone and is crucial to your bone health because it affects calcium absorption. |
Respiratory system |
nose hairs filter out dust and other particles before you inhale them into your lungs |
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Function of skeletal system
Protection |
Blood cell formation-Red blood marrow is the site of blood cell formation |
Mineral storage- calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts |
Fat storage-yellow bone marrow |
Movement-provide movement from the muscles attached to the bones |
Supports the weight of the body |
Osteoporosis
A disease that causes bones to become weak and brittle. |
More prevalent in females, older and slender, thin boned people, if someone in your family had it, a diet low in calcium and vitamin diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Long-term use of certain medications, Not getting enough exercise and being inactive for long periods of time, Long-term heavy drinking of alcohol, Smoking |
To prevent osteoporosis-intake the recommended amount of calcium, exercise regularly, add more lean protein to diet, get enough vitamin D, Limit your alcohol consumption, Maintain a healthy weight, If you smoke, quit, |
Intramembranous Ossification Process
Ossification
Intramembranous ossification |
built on a model (starting material) made of a membrane of embryonic connective tissue |
endochondral ossification |
built on a model of hyaline cartilage |
Yellow bone marrow
Location |
Yellow bone marrow is located in the cavities of long bones. |
Function |
It stores fat (adipocytes) and contains mesenchymal stem cells. Yellow bone marrow can convert to red marrow if needed |
Stratified Epithelial Tissue
Endocrine vs Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands |
secrete hormones; ductless; secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
Exocrine Glands |
secrete substances like enzymes, digestive juices, sweat, saliva, etc.; contain ducts; release substances through ducts onto surfaces or into cavities |
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Spongy bone
location |
usually located at the ends of the long bones (the epiphyses), with the harder compact bone surrounding it. It is also found inside the vertebrae, in the ribs, in the skull and in the bones of the joints |
function |
deal for making and storing bone marrow within the lattice-like trabeculae network, Spongy bone contains red bone marrow that is used in erythropoiesis. |
histology |
contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae |
Joints, bones, and movement
Your joints, connective tissue and muscles all work together to push and pull parts of your body every time you move |
Depending on how much a joint moves, it fits into one of three categories-Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses |
Specialized Connective Tissue
Red bone marrow
consists of loose connective tissue that supports islands of blood-forming hematopoietic cells, |
Amount of red marrow decreases as a person ages |
Tissue repair
Regeneration |
Replacing cells, Epithelium tissue, most connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue |
Fibrosis |
Divide by mitosis, collagen that fills in gap and tissue loses some level of functional ability, End result of fibrosis is development of scar tissue composed of dense irregular connective tissue, cartilage (connective tissue), skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, nervous tissue |
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Sensory receptors
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles |
found embedded within reticular layer; sensory receptors that respond mainly to changes in pressure and vibration associated with skin |
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles |
also found in dermal papillae; sensory receptors that respond to light touch stimuli; more numerous in regions of body where sensation is a primary function; skin of fingertips, lips, face, and external genitalia |
Bone terms
Articular cartilage |
specialized connective tissue present in synovial joints that does not ossify, and persists through life, to provide an optimal surface for enabling movement in the joint. More specifically, it prevents friction between the bones and facilitates the transmission of loads to the underlying bone. |
periosteum |
Fibrous sheath that covers bones, Supplying blood and nourishment to the bone, Giving the bone and the surrounding area sensation, Protecting the bone from damage, Growing and repairing the bone when needed |
Medullary cavity |
The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity |
endosteum |
The endosteum (pl.: endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.[1][2] This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness |
Osteo-
-clasts |
break down and reabsorb bone |
-blasts |
bone-forming cells |
-cytes |
mature bone cells |
3 layers
Epidermis |
Structure: superficial layer that consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a basement membrane Function: It protects your body from harm, keeps your body hydrated, produces new skin cells and contains melanin, which determines the color of your skin. |
Dermis |
Structure: deep to epidermis and basement membrane; consists of loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue Function: to cushion the body from stress and strain, and to also provide: elasticity to the skin, a sense of touch, and heat. |
Epidermal derivatives |
Thermoregulation
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How does the skin regulate the body's temperature? sweat glands, accessory structures to the skin, secrete water, salt, and other substances to cool the body when it becomes warm,
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