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Tissues Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

tissues cheatsheet for students of grade 9

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

TISSUES

a group of cells having similar origin working together to achieve a particular function is called a tissue.
provides defined structure, mechanical strength & division of labor.

PLANTS /\ ANIMALS

stationary
move around
autotrophs
hetero­trophs
most tissues are dead
most tissues are living
growth is non-un­iform and limited to certain regions
uniform growth

MERIST­EMATIC TISSUES

APICAL
INTERC­ALARY
LATERAL
root apex, shoot apex
intern­odes, base of leaves
lateral side of stem, roots
root and shoot elongation
increase length of internode
increases thickness
cells are unspec­ialized actively dividing cells; have dense cytoplasm, prominent nuclei, thin cellulose walls, no vacuoles

Merist­ematic Tissues

PERMANENT TISSUES

cell differ­ent­iation: process by which cells of merist­ematic tissues lose their ability to divide and take up a permanent shape, size and function; leads to develo­pment of various types of permanent tissues.
cells have vacuolated cytoplasm; living or dead.

SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES

PARENCHYMA
CHLORE­NCHYMA
AERENCHYMA
COLLEN­CHYMA
SCLERE­NCHYMA
unspec­ialized cells, thin CW, large interc­ellular space
PRC w/ chloro­phyll
large air cavities in PRC
living, long, thick CW at corners [pectin], little intcell space
dead, long, narrow, thick CW [lignin], no intcell space
root, stems, leaves
leaves
leaves, stems, roots
leaf stalks below epidermis
stems, vascular bundles, veins, hard coverings
packaging, suppor­ting, storage
photos­ynt­hesis
buoyancy
flexib­ility. mechanical support
mechanical strength, fibrous

Parenchyma

Collen­chyma

Sclere­nchyma

SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES: CELL WALLS

PARENCHYMA
COLLEN­CHYMA
SCLERE­NCHYMA
primary in nature
primary in nature
secondary in nature
thin
thick at corners
thick
made up of cellulose
pectin deposition
lignin deposition

STOMATA

small pores present in epidermis of leaves; surrounded by two guard cells.
transp­ira­tion; exchange of gases.

EPIDERMIS

AERIAL PARTS
LEAVES
ROOTS
DESERT PLANTS
protection against loss of water, mech injury, invasion by parasitic fungi
gaseous exchange, transp­iration [stomata]
water absorption
[cutin] to reduce water loss thru transp­iration
usually made of a single layer of cells. primary protective tissue to underlying tissues; no interc­ellular space; roots, stems, leaves & flowers.
cells are flat with waxy coating on outer walls; outer and side walls are thicker than inner walls.

Guard cells and Epidermal cells

CORK

secondary protective tissue; replaces epidermis of older cells.
dead. no interc­ellular space.
[suberin] on walls make them impervious to gases and water; protects underlying tissues from desicc­ation, infection & mechanical injury.

Cork cells

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

XYLEM
PHLOEM
tracheids & vessels [dead cells w/ lignified walls]: tubular struct­ures; transport of water & minerals upwards
sieve tubes [cells w perforated walls]: conduct food in both directions
xylem parenchyma [thin CW]: stores food; sideways transport of water
companion cells: stores food; supports sieve cells
xylem fibers: provide support
phloem fibers [dead]: mechanical support
except xylem parenchyma all are dead.
except phloem fibers all are living.

Xylem components

Section of Phloem

XYLEM /\ PHLOEM

transports water and minerals from roots to all parts of lant
transports food from leaves to all parts of plant
conducts water and minerals in upward direction only
conducts food in both directions
consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma & xylem fibers
consits of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma & phloem fibers
 

SPT /\ CPT

made of one type of cells
made of diff. types of cells
similar in structure; perform common function
diff. in origin & structure; perform common function
provide mechanical support
conduct food, water & minerals
ex. parenc­hyma, collen­chyma, sclere­nchyma
ex. xylem & phloem

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

cells are tightly packed with small amount of cementing material b/w them, no interc­ellular space. all epithelium is usually separated from the underlying tissue by an extrac­ellular fibrous basement membrane.

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

CUBOIDAL ET
CILIATED COLUMNAR ET
GLANDULAR ET
one layer of box-like cells
cells have air-like protru­sions called cilia
single secretory cell [goblet] /group [salivary glands]
inner lining of kidney tubules, ducts of salivary glands
in respir­atory tract
lungs, uterus, pancreas, stomach
mechanical support
pushes mucous forward to clear it
present in specia­lized organs that make, store, /release substances like hormones, proteins, water

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

SQUAMOUS ET
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS ET
COLUMNAR ET
cells are thin and flat, form a delicate lining
layers of flattened epithelial cells arranged on a basal membrane
tall and narrow, closely packed
oesoph­agus, lining of mouth, blood vessels, lung alveoli
skin
inner lining of intestine
promote the diffusion in tissues; gas exchange: lungs; exchange of nutrients and wastes at blood capill­aries
protection against microo­rga­nisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss
secretion, absorp­tion, excretion, faciliates movement across ET

Epithelial Tissues

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

cells are loosely spaced in an interc­ellular matrix [nature: jelly/­flu­id/­den­se/­rigid - depends on tissue's function]
examples: blood, bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, adipose & areolar tissue

BLOOD

fluid matrix called plasma suspending RBCs, WBCs, & platelets. plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones.
blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones, & waste materials to diff. parts of the body

Blood cells

BONE

it is the hardest CT and aka skeletal CT. hard matrix composed of calcium & phosph­orous compounds. hard, strong and non-fl­exible.
forms the framework that supports the body, anchors the muscles & supports main organs.

Compact bone & Hyaline cartilage

CARTILAGE

solid matrix made of proteins and sugars. widely spaced cells. elastic and tough.
smoothens bone surfaces at joints. found in nose, ear, trachea and larynx

BONE /\ CARTILAGE

strong, rigid, non-fl­exible
soft & flexible
matrix: calcium & phosph­orous
matrix: proteins & sugars
porous
non-porous
narrow cavity present in bones
cavity is absent

LIGAMENTS /\ TENDONS

connect two bones
connect a bone to a muscle
tough
strong & soft
slightly elastic
limited flexbility

AREOLAR TISSUE & ADIPOSE TISSUE

AREOLAR TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
in animals b/w skin & muscles, around blood vessels, around nerves and in bone marrow
below skin, b/w internal organs
fills space in organs, supports internal organs, repairs tissues of skin and muslces
storage of fats, acts as an insulator for storage of extra energy

Areolar tissue

Adipose tissue

MUSCULAR TISSUES [MUSCLE FIBERS]

STRIATED MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLES
CARDIAC MUSCLES
long, cylind­rical, non-ta­pering, unbranched
long, spindl­e-s­haped, tapering ends, unbranched
short, cylind­rical, non-ta­pering, branched
connected to bones [skeletal muscles], hands, legs
alimentary canal, lungs, intestine, bronchi, ureter, stomach wall
heart
voluntary, contracts rapidly, soon undergoes fatigue
involu­ntary, contracts slower, no fatigue
involu­ntary, rhythm­ically contracts and relaxes, no fatigue
striated
un-str­iated
striated
multi-­nuc­leated, towards the periphery of muscle fiber
uni-nu­cle­ated, in the center
uni-nu­cle­ated, in the center

Striated muscle

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

NERVOUS TISSUE

cell body [neuron; may be up to a meter long] has nucleus and cytoplasm from which long, thin hair-like parts arise. single long part: axon [transmits impulses away from cell body], many small, short branched parts: dendrites [receive impulses].
found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
receives and transmits stimuli to brain.

Neuron