This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Formulas
Formal Charge |
FC = electrons around nuclei - (electrons in lone pairs + 1/2 electrons in bonding pairs) |
Resonance Structure Rules
All resonance structures must have same valence electrons |
Octet rule must be obeyed |
Nuclei Positions do not change |
Functional Groups
Alkane |
Single Bond |
Ethane |
Alkene |
Double Bond |
Ethene |
Alkyne |
Triple Bond |
Ethyne |
Aromatic |
Aromatic ring (3 single bonds, 3 double bonds) |
Benzene |
Haloalkane |
Halogen (atom with 3 lone pairs) |
Chloro/Bromo/etc + ethane |
Alcohol |
OH on it's own |
Ethanol |
Phenol |
Aromatic Ring + OH |
Phenol |
Ether |
O in the middle of a chain |
Methoxymethane |
Amine |
N on it's own |
Methanamine |
Aldehyde |
Double bonded O on the end with an H |
Ethanal |
Ketone |
Double bonded O on it's own |
Propanone |
Carboxylic Acid |
Double bonded O with an OH at the end of a chain |
Ethanoic acid |
Ester |
Double bonded O with an O in the chain |
Methyl ethanoate |
Amide |
Double bonded O with an N |
Ethanamide |
Nitrile |
C triple bonded with N |
Ethanenitrile |
Naming Chain Fragment
Primary |
One x attached |
Secondary |
Two xs attached |
Tertiary |
Three xs attached |
Iso___ |
CH3-CH (functional group)-CH3 |
Sec___ |
CH3-CH (functional group)-CH2-CH3 |
Tert___ |
CH3-CH (CH3)(functional group)-CH3 |
1 Carbon |
meth(ane/yl) |
2 Carbons |
eth() |
3 Carbons |
prop() |
4 Carbons |
but() |
5 Carbons |
pent() |
6 Carbons |
hex() |
7 Carbons |
hept() |
8 Carbons |
oct() |
9 Carbons |
non() |
10 Carbons |
dec() |
Radicals |
All carbons and hydrogens |
Carbocations |
R groups and hydrogens bonded to a carbon |
Rules
pKa |
As pKa Decreases Acidity Increases, as pKa increases Basicity decreases. |
% S character |
Higher s character means electrons are closer to nucleus, therefore energy for acidity is lower |
Radical Selectivity (Faster to slower formation) |
Tertiary > Secondary > Primary > Methyl |
Carbocations Selectivity (Faster to slower formation) |
Tertiary > Secondary > Primary > Methyl |
|
|
IUPAC Nomenclature Rules
Identify longest chain of Carbons - Determines Parent name |
IF there are a couple of possible chains of equal length, choose chain with MORE substituents - avoids complex substituents |
Number chain so that the substituents have the smallest possible number |
Place substitute names in alphabetical order (ignore all prefixes EXCEPT iso and cyclo) |
No spaces! only hyphens and commas |
Bicyclic Compounds
Start numbering at bridgehead - go around longest/biggest bridge first |
|
