This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Non-Vascular Plants
characteristics |
lack vascular tissue - nutrients travel by diffusion |
Non Vascular Plant Groups |
mosses (bryophyta) - Hornworts (anthocerophta) - Liverwort (hepaticophyta) |
mosses |
simple photosynthetic leaf like structures, and re a major component of peat which is used as fuel |
Hornwort |
one large chloroplast per cell, symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria |
Liverwort |
groundcovers that grow parallel to the ground, one of the simplest plants |
environment |
they grow in very dark, moist areas |
Vascular Seed Plants
Gymnosperms |
have naked seeds not enclosed in a fruit |
Gymnosperm Types |
Coniferophyta - Ginkophyta - Gnetophyta - Cycadophyta |
Cycadophyta |
delicate stems with storge tissue |
Gnetophyta |
produces Ephedrin that is used in decongestants and antihistamines |
Ginkophyta |
fan shaped leaves - foul odor |
coniferophyta |
evergreen trees that have needle like leaves |
Angiosperm |
have seeds enclosed in a fruit |
Angiosperm Classification |
Monocotylodons (petals in multiples of 3) - Dicotylodons (flowers in multiples of 4 or 5) |
Plant Tissue
types of plant tissue |
meristematic - dermal - vascular |
meristematic tissue |
contains cells that divide actively in the plant's lifetime |
types of meristematic tissue |
Apical Meristems - Intercalary Meristems - Lateral Meristems |
Apical Meristems |
specialized zones of growth in the tips |
Intercalary Meristems |
responsible for growth after trimming |
Lateral Meristems |
responsible for growth upwards (shoot) and downwards (root) |
Dermal Tissue |
trichomes - Stomata - Root hairs |
trichomes |
produce a barrier against nature |
Stomata |
small openings that allow the transfer of materials inside and outside the leaves |
Vascular Tissue |
Xylem - Phloem |
Xylem |
transport of water and materials |
Phloem |
transport of carbohydrates |
Flowering Plants
flower |
the main reproductive organ |
components |
sepal - petal - stamen - pistil |
sepal |
green and protect the flower |
petal |
colorful and attract pollinators |
stamen |
male reproductive organ made of filaments and anther, and produce pollen |
pistil |
female reproductive organ made of the ovary, style, and stigma |
stigma |
pollen destination site |
style |
forms a tube connecting the stigma and ovary |
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Characteristics |
larger than nonvascular plants - vascular bundle present (phloem and Xylem) - have a strobilus - reproduce through spores |
Lycophyta |
are epiphytes - remains are used as fuel |
Lycophyta types |
Selangiella - Lycopodium |
Pterophyta |
include dryopteridacae (wood ferns) and Equisetacae (horsetails) |
wood ferns |
short gametophyte stage - spores may develop without fertiliztion - gametophytes are very small - sporophytes form rhizomes (underground stems for storage) |
horsetail |
contain silica - hollow stems with scaly leaves |
Plant Cells
Characteristics |
cell wall present - contain chloroplast |
Cell Types |
Parenchyma - Collenchyma - Sclerenchyma |
parenchyma cells |
can divide and repair - store substances - have chloroplasts |
collenchyma cells |
can divide - provide elasticity and rigidity |
Sclerenchyma |
cannot divide (dead cells) - provide support - aid in transport |
Sclerenchyma subtypes |
fibres - sclereids |
Plant Hormones
Auxin |
first hormone discovered - responsible for apical dominance - produced in active apical areas |
Ethylene |
the only gaseous hormone - affects fruit ripening - transported by phloem |
Gibberellins |
transported by vascular tissue - promotes cellular elongation - affects germination of seeds - dwarf plants lack gibberellins |
Cytokinin |
promotes growth |
Responses
Nastic response |
temporary responses to external stimuli (venus flytrap closing) |
Tropism |
the directed movement of a plant in response to a stimulus (positive = towards stimulus, negative = away) |
types of tropism |
phototropism - gravitropism - thigmotropism |
thigmotropism |
growth in response to contact |
Structural Differences in Flowering Plants
Complete |
has all 4 components of a flower |
Incomplete |
lacks one or more component |
Perfect |
contains both male and female organs |
Ex: sunflower |
Imperfect |
contains only one reproductive organ |
Ex: Palm Tree |
Monocots |
trimerous |
dicots |
tetramerous or pentmerous |
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