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2024 Tahsili Physics: Waves and Sound
Periodic Motion
Periodic Motion |
motion in which the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement (springs and pendulum) |
Hook's Law |
states that the force required to compress a spring by a distance is proprtional to the distance |
Hook's Law Equation |
F = -kd (k is the spring constant) |
PE of a spring |
PE = 1/2 x k x d2 |
application of a simple pendulum |
to determine the gravitational acceleration |
Periodic Time |
T = 2(pi)√(L/g) |
Mechanical Waves
Transversal Waves |
waves that oscillate perpendicularly to their direction of motion |
Longitudinal Waves |
waves that oscillate in the same direction as their motion |
Surface Waves |
waves that move perpendicularly and parallel to the direction of motion |
One dimesional wave |
ex: Rope |
Two dimensional Wave |
ex: water waves |
Three dimensional waves |
ex: sound and EM waves |
Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect |
the change in frequency produced by a moving source with respect to an observer |
Doppler Effect Formula |
fo = fs(v±vo / v±vs) |
vo is positive if the observer moves towards the source |
vs is positive if the source moves away from the observer |
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Waves
Mechanical Wave |
a wave that requires a medium to translate in |
Electromagnetic Wave |
a wave that does not require a medium |
Amplitude |
the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position |
Periodic Time |
the time needed to complete one full cycle |
Frequency |
the number of cycles completed in one second |
Frequency Formula |
f = 1/T |
Wavelength (λ) |
The distance between two crests or troughs |
Wavelength Formula |
λ = v / f (v is the wave speed ) |
The energy carried by a wave is directly proportional to the amplitude squared |
Standing Waves
standing waves |
a combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, while having the same amplitude and frequency |
Nodes |
positions on a standing wave where the wave stays in a fixed position due to the destructive interference |
Antinodes |
positions on a standing wave with the highest amplitude |
the number of nodes are always greater than the number of antinodes |
Sound Waves
Sound wave |
a longitudinal wave composed of compressions and rarefactions, and whose speed is directly proportional to temperature |
Loudness |
depends on amplitude |
Pitch |
depends on frequency |
Sound Intensity |
the relative sound intensity compared to a specific standard intensity expressed in decibels |
humans can hear noises between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz |
Standing Waves in Air Columns
Formula for two open ends (antinodes are greater) |
λ = 2L / n (n is the harmonic level) |
Formula for a closed column (nodes = antinodes) |
λ = 4L / n (n is the harmonic level) |
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