mitochondrial structure
do you know what the powerhouse of the cell is called
ins and outs
glycolysis |
in - 1 glucose, 2 NAD, 2 ATP, 4 ADP |
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out - 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (two consumed in phase one, four produced in phase two) |
pyruvate oxidation |
in - 1 pyruvate, 1 NAD |
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out - 1 acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH, 1 CO2 |
krebs/citric acid cycle |
in - 1 acetyl-CoA, 3 NAD, 1 FADH, 1 ADP |
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out - 1 CoA (acetyl-CoA -> citric acid -> oxaloacetate; oxaloacetate reacts with another acetyl-CoA to form citric acid and repeat cycle), 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP, 2 H2O, 1 CO2 |
for pyruvate oxidation and krebs cycle, the total number of products should be multiplied by two in order to calculate the number of products per glucose molecules because each process occurs once for each pyruvate formed in glycolysis |
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ATP structure
ATP consists of three phosphate groups, a five carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The nature of this molecule is very unstable due to the negative charge of the three phosphate groups; the phosphates naturally want to break away from each other. When ATP is consumed for energy, the bond between the second and third phosphate are broken. This energy can then be used to power other (endergonic) reactions within the cell.
general reactions in CR
glycolysis |
phosphorylation |
phosphate group is transferred |
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isomerization |
molecule is structurally rearranged |
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redox |
oxidation/reduction |
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lysis/cleavage |
molecule is split into two |
krebs cycle |
phosphorylation |
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isomerization |
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redox |
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decarboxylation |
carboxyl group is removed from molecule; CO2 is produced |
in glycolysis and krebs cycle, the type of phosphorylation that occurs is substrate-level. substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when a phosphate group is directly transferred from a substrate to another molecule. the other kind of phosphorylation, i.e. oxidative phosphorylation, is when a series of redox reactions leads to a final electron acceptor. this mode of phosphorylation occurs in the electron transportation.
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electron transport chain
objective |
create a proton gradient by moving hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space to drive ATP synthesis |
protein complexes |
four protein complexes |
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complex 3 collects electrons from complexes 1 & 2; complex 4 collects electrons from complex 3 |
electron shuttles |
NAD(H): NAD is reduced to NADH in previous stages of CR; delivers electrons to complex 1 & 2 |
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FAD(H2): FAD is reduced to FADH2 in previous stages of CR; delivers electrons to complex 2 |
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UQ (ubiquinone): shuttles electrons from complexes 1 & 2 to complex 3 |
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Cyt-c (cytochrome-c): shuttles electrons from complex 3 to 4 |
notes |
FADH2 bypasses protein complex 1 because the electrons exist on an energy level that is too low for complex 1 to pick up on |
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energy from electrons is used to drive protein complexes; complexes pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space |
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ATP synthase enzyme pumps one hydrogen ion back into the matrix to synthesize ATP (combines ADP and inorganic phosphate) |
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