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Rohingya Grammar Basics Cheat Sheet by

Noun Classes

 
Defini­teness
Singular
Plural
NC1
DEF
...-wa
...-un
 
INDEF
ekzon* / uggwa ...
okkol ...
NC2
DEF
...-an
...-un
 
INDEF
ekkan ...
okkol ...
NC1 - Noun Class 1: Animate, inc. humans, animals, plants, and certain objects that are manipu­lated by humans, such as pen, book, etc.
NC2 - Noun Class 2: Everything else inanimate, and abstract nouns, such as justice, freedom, etc.
*Ekzon is used in the indefinite for humans and counting humans, e.g., ekzon maštor "­a/one teache­r" and duizon manuš "two men."

Noun Classes with Examples

 
Defini­teness
Singular
Plural
NC1
DEF
manuššwa "the man"
manuššun "the men"
   
fúllwa "the flower­"
fúllun "the flower­s"
 
INDEF
ekzon manuš "a man"
manuš okkol "­men­"
   
uggwa fúl "a flower "
fúl okkol "­flo­wer­s"
NC2
DEF
górgan "the house"
górgun "the houses­"
 
INDEF
ekkan gór "a house"
gór okkol "­hou­ses­"
The bold letters represent the noun classifier endings. * When suffixes, such as -an, -un follow nouns, ending in a vowel or -r, - g- is inserted between the noun stem and the suffix, however, there are few exceptions with loan words, e.g., ṭebilgan, not ṭebillan as one would expect.
Note that non-re­fer­ential nouns, such as time words, are unmarked for defini­teness.

Rohingya Noun Cases

Cases
Suffixes (marked by)
Usage
Absolutive (ABS)
bare form/u­nmarked
Subject of intran­sitive clause, Direct Object of transitive clause
Ergative (ERG)
-e
Subject of transitive clause, indicates the agent of action
Genitive (GEN)
-r
Possessor
Dative (DAT)
-re
Object
Ablative (ABL)
-ttu
indicates movement away from, Possessor in a possessive predicate
Locative (LOC)
-t
spatial "­in/­at,­" movement toward "­to"
Benefactive (BEN)
-lla
Oblique, for, intended for
Instrumental (INST)
-e
indicates "by means of"

Noun Cases with Examples

 
Singular
Singular
Plural
Cases
Nouns, ending in vowel
Nouns, ending in consonant
All nouns
ABS
fuwa "­chi­ld"
šohor "city"
... okkol
ERG
fuwa(y)e
bafe "father"
... okkole
GEN
fuwar
šohor(o)r
... okkol(o)r
DAT
fuware
šohor(o)re
... okkol(o)re
ABL
fuwattu
šohor(o)ttu
... okkol(o)ttu
LOC
bisanat "in bed"
šohor(o)t
... okkol(o)t
BEN
fuwalla
šohor(o)lla
... okkol(o)lla
INST
gari(y)e "by car"
-
gari okkole

Notes on noun inflection

When the stem ends with a consonont and the suffix starts with a consonant, -o will be inserted. When the stem ends with a vowel and the suffix starts with a vowel, -y is inserted. Examples:
  šohor­ + -r šohor­­or
  fuwa + -e fuwaye
When the noun stem ends with the glides ai and ou, the consonants -y and -w will be inserted between the noun stem and the case marker, respec­tively. Because of syllable constr­aint, -o is inserted before the case marker. Examples:
  bái + r báiyor "­bro­the­r's­"
  bou + r bouwor "­wif­e's­"
 

Personal Pronouns

 
Subjective
  
Objective
Gloss
Ergative
Gloss
Dative
I
ãi
me
ãre
you*
tui
you*
tore
you**
tũi
you**
tũware
he
hite
him
hitare
she
hiba
her
hibare
we
ãra
us
ãrare
you
tũwara
you
tũwarare
they
hitara
them
hitarare
*Non-h­ono­rific, singular / **Hono­rific, singular

Personal Pronouns

 
Possessive
  
Oblique
Gloss
Genitive
Gloss
Ablative
my / mine
ãr
to/from me
ãttu
your* / yours
tor
to/from you*
tottu
your** /yours
tũwar
to/from you**
tũwattu
his
hitar
to/from him
hitattu
her / hers
hibar
to/from her
hibattu
our / ours
ãrar
to/from us
ãrattu
your / yours
tũwarar
to/from you
tũwarattu
their / theirs
hitarar
to/from them
hitarattu
*Non-h­ono­rific, singular / **Hono­rific, singular

Personal Pronouns

 
Oblique object
Gloss
Benefa­ctive
for me
ãlla
for you*
tolla
for you**
tũwalla
for him
hitalla
for her
hiballa
for us
ãralla
for you
tũwaralla
for them
hitaralla
*Non-h­ono­rific, singular / **Hono­rific, singular
Rohingya uses the Benefa­ctive case to express the same idea as what English achieves by prepos­ition "­for­"or "­int­ended for," e.g., "She made food for you."

Example 1

Hibaye
bat
rander.
3SGF-ERG
rice-ABS
cook-P­RES.3
she
rice
cook
"She is cooking rice."

Example 2

Tome
górot
giye.
Tom-ERG
house-LOC
go-PAST.3
Tom (Agent)
to house
went.
"Tom went home."

Example 3

Hite
ei
kitabwa
kinne.
3SGM-ERG
DEM.PROX
book-N­C2.ABS
buy-PAST.3
he
this
book
bought
"He bought this book."
                   
 

Metadata

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  • Published: 29th February, 2020

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