Cheatography
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Schema Theory, Thinking and decision malking, and how to write evaluations of studies
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
What is a Schema?
Mental representations that organize our knowledge, beliefs, and expectations |
Self schema is the mental representations of ourselves. |
social schema is the mental representations about groups of people. The foundation of stereotypes. |
scripts are mental representations about sequences of events. they enable us to make sense of sequential data. |
schema theory
Schema Theory explains how our behaviour, memory, cognitive processes and how we understand our current experiences are affected by our schemas. |
Schema theory also explains how our schemas are used to organize our knowledge. |
Each person's schema is developed by their environment. |
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Thinking and Decision making
what is thinking? One definition of thinking: “going beyond the information given” |
The function of thinking is to modify information; |
We break down information into smaller parts (analysis) |
Bring different pieces of information together (synthesis) |
Relate certain pieces of information to certain categories (categorize) |
Make conclusions, inferences etc. |
Decision-making is a cognitive process that involves selecting one of the possible beliefs or actions – making a choice between some alternatives. When we choose, we need to analyze -> link to thinking |
Dual Processing Model
The Dual Process Model of thinking and decision making postulates that there are two basic modes of thinking: "System 1" and "System 2." |
system 1 |
an automatic, intuitive, and effortless way of thinking. |
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thinking often employs heuristics - mental short-cuts that involve focusing on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring others. |
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This ‘fast’ mode of thinking allows for efficient processing of the often complex world around us but may be prone to errors. |
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We are more likely to use System 1 thinking when our cognitive load is high - that is, when we have lots of different things to think about at the same time, or we have to process information and make a decision quickly. |
system 2 |
is a slower, conscious, and rational mode of thinking, requiring more effort. |
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starts by thinking carefully about all of the possible ways we could interpret a situation and gradually eliminates possibilities based on sensory evidence until we arrive at a solution. |
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This mode of thinking is less likely to create feelings of certitude and confidence. |
confirmation bias: a tendency to focus on
information that confirms a pre-existing
belief and ignore information that
contradicts it
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