Who Commits Crime?
Chronic offenders commit majority of crime |
Minority groups overrepresented |
Ages 20-30 |
Males |
Types of Crime Data
Victim of crime surveys |
Police records |
Court statistics |
Prison statistics |
Offender surveys |
Criminological Theories of Crime
Strain Theory |
Labelling Theory |
Subcultural Theory |
Feelings of social isolation ("anomie") |
Stigma associated with negative label |
Lower class communities have more criminally inclined values |
Psychological Theories of Crime
Psychodynamic Theory |
Control Theory |
Social Control Theory |
Differential Association Theory |
Criminal behavior is socialised out during upbringing |
Poor parenting causes people to have low self-control |
Strength of positive attachments to beliefs and relationships |
Pro criminal vs Pro social learning |
Problems during development can lead to criminal behavior |
Combined with negative emotional temperament |
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief |
Learned in peer groups |
GPCSL
Combination of: |
Criminal history |
Substance abuse |
Antisocial personality |
Criminal peers |
PTSD
Categories of Symptoms: |
Intrusion |
Avoidance |
Changes in mood and cognition |
Changes in arousal |
Outcomes of Trauma
cPTSD |
BPD |
Dissociation |
Psychosis |
Severe and long-term interpersonal trauma |
Begins in early adulthood |
Feeling of people and objects being unreal (derealisation) |
Link between trauma from early childhood and psychosis |
Difficulty with emotional regulation, attention, attachment, self-perception |
Difficulty with self-concept, relationships, self-harm behaviors, emotional regulation |
Feeling of seeing yourself from outside of your body (depersonalization) |
Hallucinations and paranoia |
Trauma Spectrum
Impersonal Trauma |
Personal Trauma |
Attachment Trauma |
Situational |
Intentional |
Relational |
Natural disaster, serious illness |
Assault, harassment |
Abuse, neglect |
Trauma-Informed Care
4 R's |
Realize |
Trauma ≠ PTSD |
Recognize |
Trauma lens |
Respond |
Strengths and evidence based approach |
Resist |
Vicarious trauma and retraumatization |
Treatment for Trauma
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) |
Replaces negative emotions related to a traumatic event |
Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) |
Child and parent therapy, teaches coping skills |
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) |
Designed for individuals who participate in self-harming behaviors |
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) |
Therapy based on mindfulness |
Mentalisation-based Therapy (MBT) |
Uses mentalizing to improve sense of self |
Schema Therapy |
Combines features of several psychotherapies |
Barriers for Victims
Re-traumatisation: |
can occur when reporting a crime by having to relive the trauma through questioning or during the trial |
can occur during therapy, mediated by a strong sense of trust between the client and therapist and a trauma based approach |
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Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony
Change blindness |
Selective attention |
Inattentional blindness |
Flashbulb memory |
Failure to notice change in visual field |
Focus on specific stimuli while ignoring other information |
Failure to notice an unexpected stimuli |
Detailed and vivid, but often not accurate, memory of an emotional event |
Accuracy of Line-Ups
Double blind |
Foils |
Unconscious transference |
Neither eyewitness nor lineup administrator know who the suspect is |
Other potential suspects in lineup |
Misidentification of an innocent person |
False Confessions
Voluntary |
Compliant |
Internalised |
To gain fame or notoriety or to protect other people |
To escape stressful interrogation |
Individual is manipulated by police interrogation to believe they are guilty |
Individual does not understand what confessing will result in (underage) |
Provide confession in exchange for leniency |
Instill false memories in innocent person |
Polygraph
Use |
Limitations |
Measures physiological changes in the body |
physiological responses can be affected by other things |
Brain Fingerprinting
Used to detect whether an individual has information related to a crime stored in their brain |
Above 90% accuracy |
Not extensively tested in real-world scenarios |
Police Interview Styles
Reid Model |
PEACE |
Mr. Big |
TEDS |
Psychological manipulation, fabricated evidence, aggression |
Build trust between interviewer and interviewee |
Officers go undercover to secretly obtain confessions |
Tell, Explain, Describe, Show |
Courtroom Decision Making
Cognitive Experimental Self Theory |
Dangerous Decision Theory |
Jurors take into account factors that do not relate to the crime, such as attractiveness and race, when determining innocence or guilt |
1. Judge makes decision on the credibility of a witness |
Example: attractive defendants are treated more leniently |
2. Any evidence presented that supports the initial assessment is overvalued, any contradictory evidence is undervalued |
Example: black defendants receive harsher sentences |
3. Initial assessment continues to be believed |
Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Profiling
Top-Down |
Bottom-Up |
Developed from patterns seen in the motives, personality, behaviors, and crimes of 36 serial killers interviewed by FBI |
Uses quantitative data to identify patterns in the behavior of an offender |
Organised offender |
Geographic profiling |
Disorganised offender |
Difficult to quantitatively organise aspects of crime |
Does not use empirical evidence |
Consistency of offenders is largely unknown |
Offender Risk Assessment
Dynamic risk factors |
Static risk factors |
Can be changed |
Cannot be changed |
Criminal history |
Age |
Substance abuse |
History of abuse |
Antisocial personality |
Age of first offense |
Procriminal peer group |
Assigned Sex |
Risk Assessment for Male Sexual Offenders
Interviewing Children
Accurate |
Inaccurate |
Free recall |
Leading questions |
Cued invitations |
Yes/No questions |
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