This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Theory of Endosymbiosis
1. Endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear origins |
Ancestral Prokaryote |
- How nuclear envelope evolved with the ER that eventually lead to the endomembrane system. |
- The folding of the membrane reached nucleus and surrounded it to create the ER |
2. Presence of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts |
Ancestral Heterotrophich Eukaryote |
- Small cell gets eaten by big cell |
- All eukaryotic cells have mitochonria but not all have chloroplasts |
Ancestral Photosynthetic Eukaryote |
Evidence:
- Inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes
- Division is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes
- DNA structure is similar to that of prokaryotes
- These organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA |
Placid --> Cells like chloroplasts |
Multicellular Organization
Bodies consists of hyphae: maximize surface area, aid in absorbtion |
Not all fungi have the above ground structure |
Fungi made up of whitish thin strands to maximize surface area |
Absorption |
Feed in a way no other organism does |
Grow through the food they are going to eat and break down the organic molecules and then gets absorbed |
--When that happens water follows by osmosis |
Advantages of Cells |
Water builds pressure which takes the nutrients to the tips of the cells which leads to fast growth |
Made of nutrition: Don't use CO2. Have to use organic molecules for carbon and energy |
Incomplete septum between cells allows for rapid growth |
Fungal cell walls include chitin - allows for structural stability |
Hyphae organize into mycelium |
Mycelium can be formed for the hyphae from a single organism or from multiple organism |
Largest organism is a fungi |
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Special Points
Protists kingdom no longer exists because they dont have all decendants in common. not all protists are related to each other |
Protists are not monophyletic |
Prokaryote Fossil Record Changes
1st record dates back 1.8bya (fossils) |
- Before fossils there was chemical evidence found (lipids) |
Mitochondrian Charts: How To
- Looks at the percent similarity of bacterial evolution |
- Mitochondria from wheat was closest to the ribosomal RNA |
- the # is the % of the SAME genetic variation |
Fungi
Supergroups of fungi, protists, animals |
Choanoflagellates and Nucleariids are both protists |
- Nucleariids most closely related to fungi |
- Choanoflagellates most closely related to animals |
Complex multicellularity evolved |
Multisimularity Origins
Some single-celled eukaryotes gave rise to multicellular forms, whose descendants include algea, plants, fungi, and animals |
- Sexual reproduction evolved |
Simple Multicellular Organisms Contain |
- Adhesion molecules that cause adjacent cells to stick together but there is little communication or transfer of resources between cells and little differentiation of specialized cell types |
- Most or all of the cells retain a full range of functions including reproduction |
- Every cell is in contact with the external environment |
- Complex multicellular organisms contain as many as a trillion or more cells that work in close coordination |
- Complex multicellularity has evolved at least six times |
Simple: colonies of bacteria. Each cell is almost exactly the same with no specialized function. Little common transfer of resources. Need to exchange with the external environment |
Complexity: Independent functions working as one system developed specialization |
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Vocabulary
Monophyletic: a group that includes all of the descendants of a group that includes all of the descendants of a given common ancestor |
Protists: still used as an informal name of the diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes |
Early Eukaryote Qualities vs. Prokaryotes
Early Eukaryotes were single celled for a long time |
Membrane Bound Nucleus |
-Separates the location where DNA replication and transcription occurs
--More elaborate but less efficient
- Mitochondria, chloroplasts and vesicles
- All processes occur simultaneously |
Cytoskeleton |
- Shapes can be varied and changed
- allows cells to "move"
- Helped catch prey...survival |
Genome got more complex |
- Segmented chromosome |
Larger Cell |
Endosymbiosis in Modern Cells
Two cells together are better than one alone
-amoebas and x-bacteria (protists) |
After testing in the lab, the ameba couldn't survive without the bacteria |
Simbiot:one organism living inside the other where they each depend on eachother |
Generalized Lifecycle of Fungi
Propagate by using spores |
Asexual Reproduction |
Sexual reproduction |
1. Spores |
1. Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm |
2. Germination |
2. Heterokaryotic stage |
3. Mycelium |
3. Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei |
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3.a. Zygote |
4. Spore-producing structures |
4. Meiosis |
5. Spores |
5. Spores |
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6. Germination |
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7. Mycelium |
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8. Plasmogamy |
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